排序方式： 共有22条查询结果，搜索用时 437 毫秒
11.
Application of WetSpass model to estimate groundwater recharge variability in the Nile Delta aquifer
Asaad M. Armanuos Abdelazim Negm C. Yoshimura Oliver C. Saavedra Valeriano 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(10):553
Long-term groundwater recharge from rainfall in the Nile Delta is needed as an input for integrated groundwater modelling in the Nile Delta aquifer for more accurate simulation. The main objective is to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater recharge from rainfall in the Nile Delta aquifer. Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere under quasi-Steady State (WetSpass) model parameters were identified for the Nile Delta based on the available meteorological data for the area collected in 1991 and 2000. The collected data were rainfall, temperature, wind speed and evapotranspiration. Geomorphological characteristics, such as soil type, topography, groundwater depth and slope, were also collected as input data for the WetSpass model. ENVI software was used to come up with land use classification based on available land cover images of the Nile Delta for 1972, 1984, 1990, 2000 and 2009. The WetSpass model was calibrated by comparing the simulated groundwater recharge with the calculated one by using the water balance equation model. The results indicated close agreement in groundwater recharge between the two model outputs with R 2 of 0.99 and 0.94, while the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) were 4.86 and 9.39 mm for 1991 and 2000, respectively. The WetSpass model was then applied in respect of 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2010 for the purpose of validation. The overall RMSE and R 2 for the 6 years were 8.83 mm and 0.88, respectively. The results of the WetSpass calibrated model provide information to support integrated groundwater modelling. The results reveal that WetSpass works well in simulating the components of the hydrological balance in the Nile Delta. 相似文献
12.
Mohamed Galal Eltarabily Abdelazim M. Negm Chihiro Yoshimura Sommer Abdel-Abdel-Fattah Oliver C. Saavedra 《Water Resources》2018,45(6):975-991
The Nile Delta aquifer has deteriorated in the quality of the groundwater due to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. In order to examine this, a dataset of thirty-one shallow groundwater samples and four surface water samples were collected in May 2014. The objective of our study is to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater at El-Khanka region in El-Qalubia governorate, southern Nile Delta to discuss the possibility of groundwater use for agricultural purpose. Groundwater types were defined, and the suitability for use in irrigation was evaluated. The factor analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the thirteen variables for exploring the loading of them in the model. Then, the principal component analysis was performed to identify the linear combination of variables that account for the greatest amount of common variance. Results showed that groundwater samples are mainly alkaline with an average pH value of 8.60. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from 350 to 1456 mg/L. The highest concentrations of the anions and cations are sulfate (\(\rm{SO}_4^{2-}\)) and sodium (Na+) respectively. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) is less than 1.25 meq/L. Also, all groundwater samples are located in good and permissible salinity with TDS < 1500 mg/L. In addition, all samples are located in the low sodium hazard zone where sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is less than 10. Therefore, it is concluded that, the groundwater is suitable for irrigation use in El-Qalubia Governorate. Four factors with Eigenvalues above 1.0 which correlated to each other contributed to the model with 81% of the total variance and governed the spatial variability of the aquifer. 相似文献
13.
Samuel Angiboust Mostafa Fayek Ian M. Power Alfredo Camacho Georges Calas Gordon Southam 《Mineralium Deposita》2012,47(8):859-874
Epithermal uranium deposits of the Sierra Pe?a Blanca are classic examples of volcanic-hosted deposits and have been used as natural analogs for radionuclide migration in volcanic settings. We present a new genetic model that incorporates both geochemical and tectonic features of these deposits, including one of the few documented cases of a geochemical signature of biogenic reducing conditions favoring uranium mineralization in an epithermal deposit. Four tectono-magmatic faulting events affected the volcanic pile. Uranium occurrences are associated with breccia zones at the intersection of fault systems. Periodic reactivation of these structures associated with Basin and Range and Rio Grande tectonic events resulted in the mobilization of U and other elements by meteoric fluids heated by geothermal activity. Focused along breccia zones, these fluids precipitated under reducing conditions several generations of pyrite and uraninite together with kaolinite. Oxygen isotopic data indicate a low formation temperature of uraninite, 45–55°C for the uraninite from the ore body and ～20°C for late uraninite hosted by the underlying conglomerate. There is geochemical evidence for biological activity being at the origin of these reducing conditions, as shown by low δ34S values (～?24.5‰) in pyrites and the presence of low δ13C (～?24‰) values in microbial patches intimately associated with uraninite. These data show that tectonic activity coupled with microbial activity can play a major role in the formation of epithermal uranium deposits in unusual near-surface environments. 相似文献
14.
Evidence of uranium biomineralization in sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, northwestern China 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
We show evidence that the primary uranium minerals, uraninite and coffinite, from high-grade ore samples (U3O8>0.3%) in the Wuyiyi, Wuyier, and Wuyisan sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, Xinjiang, northwestern China were biogenically precipitated and psuedomorphically replace fungi and bacteria. Uranium (VI), which was the sole electron acceptor, was likely to have been enzymically reduced. Post-mortem accumulation of uranium may have also occurred through physio-chemical interaction between uranium and negatively-charged cellular sites, and inorganic adsorption or precipitation reactions. These results suggest that microorganisms may have played a key role in formation of the sandstone- or roll-type uranium deposits, which are among the most economically significant uranium deposits in the world. 相似文献
15.
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt,as one of world-class gold economic belts,preserves a number of giant,large black shale-hosted gold deposits,while it is still debated for origin of sulfides and gold mainly due to lack of identification for multiple stages of sulfides.The Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit is hosted in a sequence of Mesoproterozoic carbonaceous and pyritic slate,phyllite,and schist that form a tight syncline along the north margin of the North China Craton.Detailed petrography of the host rocks and mineralization have defined five stages of pyrites.The earliest form of pyrite(Py1)occurs as fine-grained dispersed pyrite in black carbonaceous slate and medium-to coarse-grained disseminated pyrite in pyrite-rich layers,contains relative low gold and high arsenic content,indicating a syn-sedimentary or diagenetic in origin.Stage Ⅱ pyrite(Py2)occurs with garnet and quartz inclusions and Py3 occurs as pyrite veins,contains higher gold and lower As content,and are interpreted to have formed from the dissolution-reprecipitation of Py1 during the peak metamorphism or post-peak metamorphism.Stage Ⅳ pyrite(Py4)from the pyrite-quartz veins crosscut the metamorphic garnet,contains the highest gold concentrations and other trace elements,and is considered to have formed post-peak metamorphism.Abundant native gold,electrum,and maldonite occur as inclusions within Py4 and monazite and in fractures that crosscut garnet.While,Py5 with typical remobilized feature is thought to be a product of melting of former pyrites(Py1 to Py4)triggered by the large-scale Hercynian magmatism.The sedimentary/diagenetic Py1 have δ34S values that range from +12.4‰to +16.2‰.Later generations of sulfides,including Py2 to Py5,and Ccp2 to Ccp3,have δ34S values from +9.5‰to +12.7‰.Monazite with maldonite inclusions from quartz-pyrite veins yielded an intercept age of 341.3±6.6 Ma,while coarse grained monazite associated biotite along fractures in the reefs yielded an intercept age of 254.6±8.2 Ma.The paragenetic,textural,chemical,and isotopic data suggest three distinct gold producing episodes at Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit.Gold and arsenic were clearly initially concentrated in organic muds,and enriched along the structures of diagenetic arsenic-rich pyrite.Subsequently,accompanying metamorphism and deformation,gold was liberated from the dissolution of diagenetic pyrites to form the pyrite veins.Finally,accompanying transformation of pyrite into pyrrhotite,gold was released into the metamorphic fluids to become concentrated as native gold,electrum,and maldonite in pyrite-quart veins.Monazite with age of 341 Ma from quartz-pyrite veins suggests that the third major gold mineralizing event in Haoyaoerhudong occurred before the Hercynian magmatism,suggesting that the Haoyaoerhudong deposit is a typical orogenic gold deposit rather than intrusion-related deposit. 相似文献
16.
Karim Nassar Wael Elham Mahmod Hassan Fath Ali Masria Kazuo Nadaoka Abdelazim Negm 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2019,37(1):81-95
This study focuses on the shoreline change detection along the North Sinai coast in Egypt using geographic information system and digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) during the elapsed period from 1989 to 2016. The measurement of shoreline variation is mainly described for three zones: zone I, El-Tinah plain bay; zone II, El-Bardawil Lake; zone III, El-Arish valley. The rates of shoreline changes in the form of erosion and accretion patterns are automatically quantified by four statistical parameters functioned in DSAS namely endpoint rate, net shoreline movement, linear regression rate (LRR), and least median of squares. LRR results elucidate that the western seaside of El-Tinah plain bay has experienced an extremely dynamic feature with an average erosion rate of ?8.17?m/year. The littoral drifts have been driven by eastward alongshore currents toward the east side of the bay to be accreted with an average rate of +4.28?m/year. Moreover, the shoreline has progressed west of El-Bardawil inlet (1), El-Bardawil inlet (2), and El-Arish harbor. Subsequently, the corresponding average beach growth rates are found to be +2.7, +8.5, and +6.5?m/year, respectively. In contrast, the shoreline on the down-drift side to the east has negatively retreated, and the corresponding beaches have regressed at rates of ?4.5, ?8.65, and ?2.9?m/year, respectively. 相似文献
17.
Mostafa Fayek Lawrence M. Anovitz Debra A. Bostick 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(13):3677-3686
Diffusion coefficients for oxygen and hydrogen were determined from a series of natural uraninite-H2O experiments between 50 and 700 °C. Under hydrous conditions there are two diffusion mechanisms: (1) an initial extremely fast-path diffusion mechanism that overprinted the oxygen isotopic composition of the entire crystals regardless of temperature and (2) a slower volume-diffusive mechanism dominated by defect clusters that displace or eject nearest neighbor oxygen atoms to form two interstitial sites and two partial vacancies, and by vacancy migration. Using the volume diffusion coefficients in the temperature range of 400-600 °C, diffusion coefficients for oxygen can be represented by D = 1.90e−5 exp (−123,382 J/RT) cm2/s and for temperatures between 100 and 300 °C the diffusion coefficients can be represented by D = 1.95e−10 exp (−62484 J/RT) cm2/s, where the activation energies for uraninite are 123.4 and 62.5 kJ/mol, respectively. Hydrogen diffusion in uraninite appears to be controlled by similar mechanisms as oxygen. Using the volume diffusion coefficients for temperatures between 50 and 700 °C, diffusion coefficients for hydrogen can be represented by D = 9.28e−6 exp (−156,528 J/RT) cm2/s for temperatures between 450 and 700 °C and D = 1.39e−14 exp (−34518 J/RT) cm2/s for temperatures between 50 and 400 °C, where the activation energies for uraninite are 156.5 and 34.5 kJ/mol, respectively.Results from these new experiments have implications for isotopic exchange during natural UO2-water interactions. The exceptionally low δ18O values of natural uraninites (i.e. −32‰ to −19.5‰) from unconformity-type uranium deposits in Saskatchewan, in conjunction with theoretical and experimental uraninite-water and UO3-water fractionation factors, suggest that primary uranium mineralization is not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with coeval clay and silicate minerals. The low δ18O values have been interpreted as resulting from the low temperature overprinting of primary uranium mineralization in the presence of relatively modern meteoric fluids having δ18O values of ca. −18‰, despite petrographic and U-Pb isotope data that indicate limited alteration. Our data show that the anomalously low oxygen isotopic composition of the uraninite from the Athabasca Basin can be due to meteoric water overprinting under reducing conditions, and meteoric water or groundwater can significantly affect the oxygen isotopic composition of spent nuclear fuel in a geologic repository, with minimal change to the chemical composition or texture. Moreover, the rather fast oxygen and hydrogen diffusion coefficients for uraninite, especially at low temperatures, suggest that oxygen and hydrogen diffusion may impart characteristic isotopic signals that can be used to track the route of fissile material. 相似文献
18.
The oxygen isotopic composition of uranium minerals: A review 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Uranium ore is an essential material in the preparation of nuclear fuel for civilian as well as military uses. Uranium is first extracted from uranium-bearing minerals using a variety of reagents, and is precipitated from solutions as yellow cake prior to isotope enrichment processes. The disintegration of the former Eastern Bloc in the 1990s and frequent unrest in the Middle East have underscored the need for better characterizing source uranium ores for forensic and attribution purposes.The world's major deposits of U occur in several distinctly different geological environments. Fourteen principal types of U deposits and rocks with elevated uranium contents are recognized with more than 40 subtypes. Combining our own analysis and literature data, we have amassed over 250 oxygen isotope data from 13 major U-producing countries, which vary widely from − 32 to + 11‰. However, interpreting the oxygen isotopic composition of uraninite in terms of the composition of the fluid from which it precipitated, or interacted with, requires knowledge of the fractionation factor and temperature of interactions, which are not always available. Since each deposit type occurs within a unique geologic setting and is generally formed from chemically distinct fluids, the chemical compositions of the uranium ores are also distinct: uranium deposits that form in igneous rocks have higher trace element compositions relative to sandstone-hosted deposits. Our data shows that one of the most useful techniques for distinguishing between uranium ore is to use a combination of δ18O values and rare-earth elements (e.g., La/Yb ratios). These methods may allow investigators to trace uranium ore back to the source. 相似文献
19.
J. A. Saunders D. L. Unger G. D. Kamenov M. Fayek W. E. Hames W. C. Utterback 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(7):715-734
Epithermal deposits with bonanza Au–Ag veins in the northern Great Basin (NGB) are spatially and temporally associated with
Middle Miocene bimodal volcanism that was related to a mantle plume that has now migrated to the Yellowstone National Park
area. The Au–Ag deposits formed between 16.5 and 14 Ma, but exhibit different mineralogical compositions, the latter due to
the nature of the country rocks hosting the deposits. Where host rocks were primarily of meta-sedimentary or granitic origin,
adularia-rich gold mineralization formed. Where glassy rhyolitic country rocks host veins, colloidal silica textures and precious
metal–colloid aggregation textures resulted. Where basalts are the country rocks, clay-rich mineralization (with silica minerals,
adularia, and carbonate) developed. Oxygen isotope data from quartz (originally amorphous silica and gels) from super-high-grade
banded ores from the Sleeper deposit show that ore-forming solutions had δ
18O values up to 10‰ heavier than mid-Miocene meteoric water. The geochemical signature of the ores (including their Se-rich
nature) is interpreted here to reflect a mantle source for the “epithermal suite” elements (Au, Ag, Se, Te, As, Sb, Hg) and
that signature is preserved to shallow crustal levels because of the similar volatility and aqueous geochemical behavior of
the “epithermal suite” elements. A mantle source for the gold in the deposits is further supported by the Pb isotopic signature
of the gold ores. Apparently the host rocks control the mineralization style and gangue mineralogy of ores. However, all deposits
are considered to have derived precious metals and metalloids from mafic magmas related to the initial emergence of the Yellowstone
hotspot. Basalt-derived volatiles and metal(loid)s are inferred to have been absorbed by meteoric-water-dominated geothermal
systems heated by shallow rhyolitic magma chambers. Episodic discharge of volatiles and metal(loid)s from deep basaltic magmas
mixed with heated meteoric water to create precious metal ore-forming fluids. Colloidal nanoparticles of Au–Ag alloy (electrum),
naumannite (Ag2Se), silica, and adularia, likely nucleated at depth, traveled upward, and deposited where they grew large enough to aggregate
along vein walls. Silica and gold colloids have been reported in hot springs from Yellowstone National Park, suggesting that
such processes may continue to some extent to the present. However, it is possible that the initial development of the mantle
plume led to a major but short-lived “distillation” process which led to the mid-Miocene bonanza ore-forming event.
相似文献
| J. A. SaundersEmail: |
20.